home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Most, if not all comets originate in the outer solar system. Just beyond the orbits of
- Neptune and Pluto, there lies the Kuiper belt of comets and cometary debris. Out much
- further, perhaps as far as a light-year from the Sun, there is the immense Oort Cloud of
- comets surrounding the entire solar system.
-
- Many of the "great comets" throughout history have come from the Oort Cloud, and may
- only visit the inner solar system once every several thousand years. Thus, it has been
- impossible to predict their orbits, since we have to wait so long in order to observe them
- again.
-
- Other comets become captured in smaller, shorter elliptical orbits, mostly due to the
- immense gravitational pull of Jupiter. Some of these "short period" comets never venture
- much further than Jupiter's orbit, and have revolutionary periods ranging from 3 to 15
- years. Halley's comet has the longest period of these short period comets, and visits the
- inner solar system every 76 years.
-
- The comet Giacobini-Zinner is an example of a short period comet that originally came
- from deep space. This small body is now in a smaller orbit around the Sun, never
- venturing much further than the orbit of Jupiter, and coming in very close to the orbit of
- Earth. Comets such as these that visit the inner solar system frequently could possibly
- pose a threat of collision with the Earth.
-
- In 1985, NASA and JPL did not have the budget to send a space probe to study Halley's
- Comet with the armada of other spacecraft. In fact, budget restrictions laid out by the
- Reagan administration made sure that America was the only space-faring nation that did
- not participate with a space probe in the international Halley's study project, despite the
- fact that it would be 76 years until we got another chance.
-
- However, scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory figured out an ingenious method to
- use a small spacecraft already deployed to study another comet, called Giacobini-Zinner.
- This probe was called the International Sun-Earth Explorer 3. After a series of extremely
- delicate maneuvers to bring it near the comet, it was renamed the International Cometary
- Explorer (ICE).
-
- Unfortunately, ICE was not originally designed to study comets, and did not carry any
- cameras or imaging equipment. Nonetheless, it became the first space probe to "chase" a
- comet, and provided some valuable information for the nations pursuing Halley's comet.